Sangam Tamil culture and vedic cultuwere they different?
  • excerpts from
    Vedic Roots of Early Tamil Culture:By Michel Danino

    source:http://forumhub.com/tnhistory/670.04.30.02.html

    The Tolkappiyam also formulates the captivating division of the
    Tamil land into five regions (tinai ), each associated with one
    particular aspect of love, one poetical expression, and also one
    deity : thus the hills (kuriƱji ) with union and with Cheyon
    (Murugan) ; the desert (palai ) with separation and Korravai
    (Durga) ; the forests (mullai ) with awaiting and Mayon (Vishnu-
    Krishna) ; the seashore (neytal ) with wailing and Varuna ; and the
    cultivated lands (marutam) with quarrel and Ventan (Indra). Thus
    from the beginning we have a fusion of non-Vedic deities (Murugan or
    Korravai), Vedic gods (Indra, Varuna) and later Puranic deities such
    as Vishnu (Mal or Tirumal). Such a synthesis is quite typical of the
    Hindu temperament and cannot be the result of an overnight or
    superficial influence ; it is also as remote as possible from the
    separateness we are told is at the root of so-called "Dravidian
    culture."

    Expectedly, this fusion grows by leaps and bounds in classical
    Sangam poetry whose composers were Brahmins, princes, merchants,
    farmers, including a number of women. The "Eight Anthologies" of
    poetry (or ettuttokai ) abound in references to many gods : Shiva,
    Uma, Murugan, Vishnu, Lakshmi (named Tiru, which corresponds to Sri)
    and several other Saktis.[37] The Paripadal, one of those
    anthologies, consists almost entirely of devotional poetry to
    Vishnu. One poem[38] begins with a homage to him and Lakshmi, and
    goes on to praise Garuda, Shiva on his "majestic bull," the four-
    faced Brahma, the twelve Adityas, the Ashwins, the Rudras, the
    Saptarishis, Indra with his "dreaded thunderbolt," the devas and
    asuras, etc., and makes glowing references to the Vedas and Vedic
    scholars.[39] So does the Purananuru,[40] another of the eight
    anthologies, which in addition sees Lord Shiva as the source of the
    four Vedas (166) and describes Lord Vishnu as "blue-hued" (174)
    and "Garuda-bannered" (56).[41] Similarly, a poem (360) of a third
    anthology, the Akananuru, declares that Shiva and Vishnu are the
    greatest of gods.[42]

    The Kural also refers to Indra (25), to Vishnu's avatar of Vamana
    (610), and to Lakshmi (e.g. 167), asserting that she will shower her
    grace only on those who follow the path of dharma (179, 920). There
    is nothing very atheistic in all this, and in reality the values of
    the Kural are perfectly in tune with those found in several shastras
    or in the Gita.[45]

    Among the earliest evidences, a stratigraphic dig by I. K. Sarma
    within the garbagriha of the Parasuramesvara temple at Gudimallam,*
    brought to light the foundation of a remarkable Shivalingam of the
    Mauryan period (possibly third century BC) : it was fixed within two
    circular pithas at the centre of a square vastu-mandala. "The deity
    on the frontal face of the tall linga reveals himself as a proto-
    puranic Agni-Rudra"[20] standing on a kneeling devayana. If this
    early date, which Sarma established on stratigraphic grounds and
    from pottery sherds, is correct, this fearsome image could well be
    the earliest such representation in the South.

    Then we find "terracotta figures like Mother Goddess, Naga-linga
    etc., from Tirukkampuliyur ; a seated Ganesa from Alagarai ;
    Vriskshadevata and Mother Goddess from Kaveripakkam and Kanchipuram,
    in almost certainly a pre-Pallava sequence."[21] Cult of a Mother
    goddess is also noticed in the early levels at Uraiyur,[22] and at
    Kaveripattinam, Kanchipuram and Arikamedu.[23] Excavations at
    Kaveripattinam have brought to light many Buddhist artefacts, but
    also, though of later date, a few figurines of Yakshas, of Garuda
    and Ganesh.[24] Evidence of the Yaksha cult also comes from pottery
    inscriptions at Arikamedu.[25]

    The same site also yielded one square copper coin of the early
    Cholas, depicting on the obverse an elephant, a ritual umbrella, the
    Srivatsa symbol, and the front portion of a horse.[26] This is in
    fact an important theme which recurs on many coins of the Sangam age,
    [27] recovered mostly from river beds near Karur, Madurai etc.
    Besides the Srivatsa (also found among artefacts at Kanchipuram
    [28]), many coins depict a swastika, a trishul, a conch, a
    shadarachakra, a damaru, a crescent moon, and a sun with four, eight
    or twelve rays. Quite a few coins clearly show a yagnakunda. That is
    mostly the case with the Pandyas' coins, some of which also portray
    a yubastambha to which a horse is tied as part of the ashvamedha
    sacrifice. As the numismatist R. Krishnamurthy puts it, "The
    importance of Pandya coins of Vedic sacrifice series lies in the
    fact that these coins corroborate what we know from Sangam
    literature about the performance of Vedic sacrifices by a Pandya
    king of this age."[29]

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